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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">T2R</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>T2R</b> (synonym <i>TAS2R</i>) ist eine Gruppe von <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteinen</a>, die <a href="Rezeptor_(Biochemie)" title="Rezeptor (Biochemie)">Rezeptoren</a> für den <a href="Gustatorische_Wahrnehmung" title="Gustatorische Wahrnehmung">Bittergeschmack</a> sind.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>T2R gehören zu den <a href="G-Protein-gekoppelter_Rezeptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptor">G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren</a>. Sie sind <a href="Heptahelikaler_Rezeptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptahelikaler Rezeptor">heptahelikale Rezeptoren</a> von etwa 300 bis 330 <a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisher wurden im Menschen 29 verschiedene <a href="Isoform" title="Isoform">Isoformen</a> der T2R beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-Devillier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T2R werden in verschiedenen <a href="Gewebe_(Biologie)" title="Gewebe (Biologie)">Geweben</a> gebildet,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaik_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> darunter im <a href="Mund" title="Mund">Mund</a>, in der <a href="Nase" title="Nase">Nase</a>, in der <a href="Lunge" title="Lunge">Lunge</a>, im <a href="Herz" title="Herz">Herzen</a>, im <a href="Magen" title="Magen">Magen</a> und im <a href="Darm" title="Darm">Darm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devillier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Aktivierung der T2R auf der <a href="Zunge" title="Zunge">Zunge</a> erzeugt den Bittergeschmack.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaik_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dotson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beim Menschen sind T2R16 und T2R38 maßgeblich an der Empfindung des Bittergeschmacks beteiligt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Aktivierung der Bitterrezeptoren erzeugt <a href="Aversion" title="Aversion">aversives Verhalten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16032395_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16032395-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>T2R sind daneben an der <a href="Antimikrobiell" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimikrobiell">antimikrobiellen</a> <a href="Immunantwort" title="Immunantwort">Immunantwort</a> im <a href="Atmungstrakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmungstrakt">Atmungstrakt</a> beteiligt,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaik_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> durch eine Modulation der Produktion von entzündungsfördernden <a href="Zytokin" title="Zytokin">Zytokinen</a> durch <a href="Makrophage" title="Makrophage">Makrophagen</a> und <a href="Mastzelle" title="Mastzelle">Mastzellen</a> und durch eine Hemmung einer <a href="Entz%C3%BCndung" title="Entzündung">Entzündung</a> der Lunge.<sup id="cite_ref-Devillier_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bitterstoff" title="Bitterstoff">Bitterstoffe</a> führen in der <a href="Glatte_Muskulatur" title="Glatte Muskulatur">glatten Muskulatur</a> des oberen Atmungstrakts zu einer <a href="Bronchodilatation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchodilatation">Bronchodilatation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shaik_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Devillier_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und zu einer erhöhten Schlagfrequenz der <a href="Cilie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilie">Cilien</a> der <a href="Epithelzelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelzelle">Epithelzellen</a> der Lunge.<sup id="cite_ref-Devillier_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein <a href="Polymorphismus" title="Polymorphismus">Polymorphismus</a> im <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> für T2R38 ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für chronische <a href="Rhinosinusitis" title="Rhinosinusitis">Rhinosinusitis</a> assoziiert.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaik_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaltransduktion">Signaltransduktion</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Signaltransduktion" title="Signaltransduktion">Signaltransduktion</a> nach Aktivierung von T2R erfolgt über eine Aktivierung von <a href="G-Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Protein">G-Proteinen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Folge wird die <a href="Phospholipase_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipase C">Phospholipase C</a> PLC-β2 aktiviert, wodurch aus <a href="PIP2" class="mw-redirect" title="PIP2">PIP<sub>2</sub></a> die <a href="Sekund%C3%A4rer_Botenstoff" title="Sekundärer Botenstoff">sekundären Botenstoffe</a> <a href="Inositoltrisphosphat" title="Inositoltrisphosphat">IP<sub>3</sub></a> und <a href="Diacylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacylglycerol">Diacylglycerol</a> gebildet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anschließend erfolgt eine Aktivierung des <a href="IP3-Rezeptor" title="IP3-Rezeptor">IP3-Rezeptors</a> und ein Anstieg von <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a> im <a href="Zytosol" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytosol">Zytosol</a>, woraufhin der <a href="Ionenkanal" title="Ionenkanal">Ionenkanal</a> <a href="TRPM5" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPM5">TRPM5</a> aktiviert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verschiedene <a href="Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">Inhibitoren</a> für T2R wurden beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaggupilli_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaggupilli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Phenylthiocarbamid" title="Phenylthiocarbamid">Phenylthiocarbamid</a> ist ein selektiver <a href="Agonist_(Pharmakologie)" title="Agonist (Pharmakologie)">Agonist</a> für T2R38.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Bachmanov, G. K. Beauchamp: <i>Taste receptor genes.</i> In: <i>Annual review of nutrition.</i> Band 27, 2007, S. 389–414, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111329">10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111329</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17444812?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17444812</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721271/">PMC 2721271</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Devillier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devillier_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devillier_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devillier_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devillier_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devillier_2-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Devillier, E. Naline, S. Grassin-Delyle: <i>The pharmacology of bitter taste receptors and their role in human airways.</i> In: <i>Pharmacology & therapeutics.</i> Band 155, November 2015, S. 11–21, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.001">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.001</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26272040?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26272040</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Shaik-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaik_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaik_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaik_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaik_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaik_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. A. Shaik, N. Singh, M. Arakawa, K. Duan, R. P. Bhullar, P. Chelikani: <i>Bitter taste receptors: Extraoral roles in pathophysiology.</i> In: <i>The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.</i> Band 77, Pt B08 2016, S. 197–204, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.011">10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.011</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27032752?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27032752</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dotson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dotson_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dotson_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dotson_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dotson_4-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">C. D. Dotson, S. Vigues, N. I. Steinle, S. D. Munger: <i>T1R and T2R receptors: the modulation of incretin hormones and potential targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.</i> In: <i>Current opinion in investigational drugs.</i> Band 11, Nummer 4, April 2010, S. 447–454, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336593?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20336593</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4535793/">PMC 4535793</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. S. Khan, B. Murtaza, A. Hichami, N. A. Khan: <i>A cross-talk between fat and bitter taste modalities.</i> In: <i>Biochimie.</i> [elektronische Veröffentlichung vor dem Druck] Juni 2018, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.013">10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.013</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29936293?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29936293</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID16032395-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID16032395_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Meyerhof: <i>Elucidation of mammalian bitter taste.</i> In: <i>Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology.</i> Band 154, 2005, S. 37–72, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10254-005-0041-0">10.1007/s10254-005-0041-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16032395?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16032395</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Lee, N. A. Cohen: <i>Role of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper respiratory infection and chronic rhinosinusitis.</i> In: <i>Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.</i> Band 15, Nummer 1, Februar 2015, S. 14–20, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000120">10.1097/ACI.0000000000000120</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25304231?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25304231</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902169/">PMC 5902169</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Triantafillou, A. D. Workman, M. A. Kohanski, N. A. Cohen: <i>Taste Receptor Polymorphisms and Immune Response: A Review of Receptor Genotypic-Phenotypic Variations and Their Relevance to Chronic Rhinosinusitis.</i> In: <i>Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology.</i> Band 8, 2018, S. 64, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00064">10.3389/fcimb.2018.00064</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29564227?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29564227</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845873/">PMC 5845873</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jaggupilli-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaggupilli_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Jaggupilli, R. Howard, J. D. Upadhyaya, R. P. Bhullar, P. Chelikani: <i>Bitter taste receptors: Novel insights into the biochemistry and pharmacology.</i> In: <i>The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.</i> Band 77, Pt B08 2016, S. 184–196, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.005">10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.005</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26995065?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26995065</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Bufe, P. A. Breslin, C. Kuhn, D. R. Reed, C. D. Tharp, J. P. Slack, U. K. Kim, D. Drayna, W. Meyerhof: <i>The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception.</i> In: <i>Current biology : CB.</i> Band 15, Nummer 4, Februar 2005, S. 322–327, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.047">10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.047</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15723792?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15723792</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1400547/">PMC 1400547</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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